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La Luna, another small giant leap for mankind

La Luna - the natural satellite of Earth - is the only solar system body has visited the man. On May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy, delivered before the U.S. Congress the following words: "I believe this nation must set the goal, before this decade is over, the man walked on the moon and return safely to Earth." Eight years later, on July 20, 1969, millions of people glued to television, seen as two astronauts, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Buzz Aldrin, tread the soil of the moon. But this picture alone was repeated five times. In 1972 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) decided to end human spaceflight to the moon. Since then no man has returned to that place.

© 2008 Juan Miguel Suay Belenguer. Source NASA. (Click image to enlarge)

The January 14, 2004, U.S. President George W. Bush, in a speech at NASA's offices in Washington, emulating his predecessor, has the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE). With this designation establishes the objectives of NASA for the next decades, the most important to return to manned missions to the moon as a first step to get to Mars. Must "develop and test a new spacecraft, a Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) by 2008, and conduct the first manned mission no later than 2014," says Bush. This new vehicle has two purposes, to replace the current Space Shuttle and Space Station Shuttle and "carry astronauts beyond our orbit to other worlds," concluded the President.

A constellation of spacecraft to the Moon

On September 19, 2005, the general manager of the NASA Michael Griffin told a news conference presented the document Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS). This technical report, nearly 800 pages, studying the feasibility and the components needed to return to the moon. "It can be considered a continuation of the Apollo project that put man on the moon in 1969, and the current space shuttle, whose latest mission is expected in 2010" specifies the Administrator Griffin at the launch of the ESAS.

The new challenge for NASA, started in 2006, is known as Constellation Program. The main elements can be seen in its official website ( click here ). The development program consists of two launch, the Ares I and Ares V designed to put into orbit the Orion crew exploration vehicle and the Altair lunar lander. To encourage these two ships to the moon also needs what is known as output stage of Earth's orbit (EDS).

To take advantage of technology and components, Web site says the General Director Jeff Hanley Constellation Program, "the Ares I rocket launcher has the drive's solid current space shuttle, this brings up installing a second equipped with a motor phase "similar to that used in the missions of the years 60 "Hanley said. Located above the Orion manned spacecraft, similar to the Apollo project, "but three times bigger, so you have room for four astronauts" said Program Director.

The Orion Program Associate Director Skip Hatfield, is convinced that "the system will be ten times safer than the current", and found that the cockpit crew atop the Ares I, "does not suffer any damage caused by components released during takeoff, a circumstance that caused the explosion of the Columbia on its return to Earth on February 1, 2003 "recalls Hatfiel, also in the case of an accident, "the Orion capsule with an exhaust system that is activated when any trouble during the launch." Skip Hatfield

also recognizes that "the return home will also be a journey to the past", as the capsule of the astronauts' return to earth protected by a thick heat shield and brake his descent with large parachutes and airbags, in addition "The capsule will fall on earth and not at sea, such as the Apollo project," said Hatfiel. The difference we find that the dish "may be used up to ten times, once replaced the heat shield" concludes the director the project.

The other rocket, the Ares V, will be used to orbit the Altair lunar lander with the output stage of Earth's orbit (EDS). In order to lift this burden, says the shuttle Program Manager John F. Ares Connolly, the spacecraft has two solid fuel rockets like the ferries capable of launching up to 125 tons of payload. Once in orbit the Altair and the ADS will join the Orion spacecraft to begin its journey to the moon.

A Full Moon of 181 possibilities

This new challenge, unlike what happened in the sixties, does not have the unanimous support of the American scientific community. The professor of the University of Maryland and director of the American Physical Society Robert L. Park, believes that space exploration is much more expensive and risky than unmanned probes, and that "a lot less money generate large amounts of scientific information." Park has been an ardent critic of the International Space Station (ISS).

To try to silence this criticism, in April 2006, NASA's chief administrator Michael Griffin, began a series of contacts with representatives of space agencies from Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Great Britain , India, Italy, Japan, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine and the European Space Agency (ESA). The Head of Strategic Development Exploration Systems Mission Directorate at NASA Jeff Volosin, recognizes that since the end of the Apollo program, "people around the world have been thinking back to the moon, and what they want to do there" as NASA plans to send astronauts to the moon again, we decided at this meeting "refers to more than a thousand people in the business world, academia and the thirteen international space agencies," the result "a list of 181 things that can be do in the Moon "announces Volosin.

of Applied Physics Physicist Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University in Maryland (USA), Paul D. Spudis, says that NASA has spent more than fifty years devoted to space exploration, but "there is still something we do not know: what is the best way to explore a planet?" Spudis wonders. In view of this physical, "the Moon could be used as a school workshop where they test new techniques for planetary exploration," in addition to being a "privileged observatory or laboratory biology, physics, chemistry or ecology," says Spudis.

However, basic scientific research represents only a third of these 181 objectives, more than half of the list are to find solutions to the challenges of learning to live in a world hostile to protect astronauts from radiation or micrometeors to establish systems for power generation, or grow food in the arid lunar soil, devoid of atmosphere. According to the director of the Lunar Architecture Team at NASA's Marshall Center Tony Lavoie. "We want to learn to live off the land and not depend so much on supplies from Earth."

The moon could also accommodate some commercial initiatives. The commercial director of the office of the Commercial Crew & Cargo Program at NASA, noted that Alan Lindenmoyer in our satellite can "generate and sell energy from solar cells, protected data store files, mining, industrial processes or to make low gravity and high vacuum", among others. It also ensures Lindenmoyer, "the tourist development and advertising of the Moon is a new opportunity" could be "tours to historical sites of our satellite, as the site of the first moon landing" or place a remote controlled robot on the lunar surface. The people on Earth could "pay to take turns controlling the robot via the Internet, allowing it to take a virtual tour of the area lunar "said commercial director.

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"The Museum of Earth History" creationism on the scene

That creates even that has seen it all, you should not miss this museum, where you can see how Adam and Eve live together with dinosaurs and the Tower of Babel as a divided humanity. The most serious is that the museum intends to show that creationism is a scientifically valid option at the same level as the theory of evolution.

Attitudes like this are what make those who try to reconcile our faith with science will be increasingly difficult.

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The voice of Neanderthal

If you ever wondered as they did our ancestors 30,000 years ago, the answer has given Robert McCarthy, an anthropologist at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton (USA), has managed to reproduce the voice would be like a Neanderthal, as published in NewScientist .

McCarthy was based on the reconstructions of the vocal tracts of existing fossils of this ancient hominid species with more than 50,000 years old. Using a voice synthesizer has compared the pronunciation of the phoneme "e", in contrast to how it could sound the vowel in the XXI century. Here are the differences

Neanderthal Speech

actual human voice

may know little, but says American anthropologist who is working to get synthesize complete sentences.

This work is consistent with recent studies claiming that Neanderthals with modern humans share a gene that in its absence causes various disorders in speech and language.

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Leonhard Euler, the Mozart of mathematics

In the book Mathematics for all , published by Polity Press, the British mathematician journalist Ziauddin Sardar writes, "is like if society is divided into two classes of individuals. The smart ones who understand the math and the rest of us "to add then that life without math would be" inconceivable, as is the language that advances in science and technology. " The problem is that the mathematics required "technique and talent," like any other human ability, "such as dance," says the British mathematician. Therefore, as only the first figures are perfectly capable of running a ballet in a "sophisticated, fine," the proof of a theorem, Sardar concludes, can "Be smart and beautiful in the hands of a mathematical genius." One is Leonhard Euler (1707 - 1783 ), last year it celebrated its birth.

"There is no book of mathematics, physics or engineering where there is the name of Euler" recognizes the professor of mechanics at the Polytechnic University of Alicante, José Francisco Rubio Verdú. Thus, "it is unfair ignorance about his life and work within the world of culture," laments the teacher is like "erase from collective memory contributions to the music of Mozart or the philosophy of Voltaire or painting de Goya. "

"Euler has a work written over eight hundred," says the professor of History of Science at the University of Alicante, Antonio García Belmar, not just mathematics itself covers subjects such as geometry, algebra or analysis ", but that contributions to physics, astronomy, mechanics, hydraulics, marine engineering or artillery are" very important, not quantity but quality, "says Belmont.

The Swiss mathematician and physicist Emil A. Fellmann, author of a biography of his illustrious compatriot, published by Birkhäuser says that "his ideas were at the head of the mathematical world of the time." Their formulas are used today, either in the design of the "hull or sails of ships or the structure of a building or a bridge," he writes Fellmann. Branches of mathematics such as calculus of variations, the modern theory of numbers or analytical mechanics are the work of this genius of Basel, therefore, as a scientist should be placed "at the same level as Newton and Einstein," concludes the author of the book.

Reading this biography portrays the life of a man who loved peace and quiet of a home life. Always surrounded by his children and grandchildren playing with them at the same time solve complicated mathematical problems. It is said that he could do with twenty decimal operations and reviewed today with modern calculators is not a failure. His classical training made him recite the Aeneid or the Odyssey, and he mastered Latin and Greek. There was a man who liked to frequent the salons where the nobility met with intellectuals of the time, preferred to work rested at home with his family. This

joined his strong religious convictions. Fellmann narrates as being in St. Petersburg in 1773, Euler coincided with the French philosopher Denis Diderot who, atheist, boasted of being able to refute any argument to prove the existence of God. Euler knew that the philosopher was not interested in math, so during dinner and before many witnesses, Euler said, "than b raised to the n, all of n, equal to x, therefore God exists. Respond. " Not knowing what to say, Diderot was so ridiculed that two days later returned to France.

2007, a year of celebrations

Throughout 2007, recalled in his hometown as it passes through it. From concerts were held in the church where he was baptized, to conferences, conventions and exhibitions on his life and work in University where he studied. Another initiative has been to demonstrate the mathematics attitude of the citizens of Basel by a particular contest. Throughout the year on buses and trams in the city have hung posters on the proposed mathematical problems for travelers. The solutions are sent by email to the organization that awards a prize for the most original, while the published on its official website .

At the same Web page, there is also a list of commemorative events held throughout the world. These activities range from the serious to the most playful. Among latter emphasizes the Sodokus contest organized at the Swiss embassy in Japan. With this act, is to remember that it was the Swiss mathematician one of the first to study this popular Japanese pastime, known in his day as "Latin Squares."

Over the years, the tomb of the mathematician in the cemetery of St. Petersburg is a must for scientists and engineers around the world, participants at scientific conferences held in the Baltic city. This has been the ultimate goal of the study Euler tour, a study tour through the cities where he lived and work the distinguished mathematician, organized by one of the most prestigious associations of mathematicians Americans, Mathematical Association of America , to celebrate this anniversary.

Spain celebrates a meeting organized by the research group in the History of Science and Technology Department of Applied Mathematics I, Technical University of Catalonia. The professor of this department and member of scientific committee of the congress, Antoni Roca-Rosell, recognizes that the objectives of this meeting is not only "to commemorate the birthday of Euler" but convey to the participants, through his monumental work, that mathematics is "a useful science, dynamic, and interdisciplinary human."

An illustrated life

Swiss Academy of Sciences has promoted the publication of a comic book with the title Leonhard Euler. A Man to Be With Reckoner (Leonhard Euler. A man to consider) edited by the publisher Birkhäuser. The text has been borne by the brothers Andreas and Alice K. Heyne and has been illustrated by Elena S. Pini. With this issue, conducted in German and English, is to disseminate to youth and adult life of the genius of Basel.

Early childhood vignettes tell Leonhard at his father, a Calvinist pastor, annoyed constantly questions his precocious son, more interested in knowing why a top tour or float a boat, than playing with a wooden horse. This curiosity continues when the young Euler entered the University to receive an education on the use of the time, where not only studied mathematics, but of theology, medicine, astronomy, physics and oriental languages. Despite finishing with excellent grades at the University, you can not get a professorship in Basel. So, in 1727, returns to Russia to work at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.

The comic continues, picture by picture, narrating as lost vision in one eye by excessive trabajo en 1735 o su traslado a la Academia de Ciencias de Berlín en 1741 por la delicada situación política de Rusia. La estancia de Euler durante veinticinco años en la corte prusiana, se resume con una serie de ilustraciones, que cuentan los variopintos problemas que tenía que resolver a petición del rey Federico el Grande de Prusia, tales como conseguir que los surtidores de las fuentes del palacio subieran hasta 30 metros, complicados problemas de artillería o la lucrativa forma de realizar una lotería.

Esta historia gráfica prosigue con Euler regresando de nuevo a Rusia con su familia en 1766, tras un accidentado viaje con naufragio incluido. Nada más llegar pierde la visión del otro ojo, a causa de unas cataracts, so it spent the last seventeen years of his life with total blindness, in any case, we drove down its pace. The penultimate bullet shows the Swiss mathematician's death in 1783 while drinking tea and studying the laws of the ascension of balloons.

reserve the last drawing the comic to show his monumental work, some scholars is surrounded by boxes containing manuscripts of Euler file in a bubble reads: "The genius of Basel, where he died at age 76, had calculated and written so many people from 1907 until now, have been engaged in the publication of his complete works but ... still for a while! "

Juan Miguel Suay Belenguer

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The power of Benjamin Franklin kite

Undoubtedly the most famous scientific experiments, in which he was involved a kite was made in June 1752, by scientist and politician Benjamin Franklin, who was conducting trials with electricity, one of them raised his famous "electric comet" on a stormy day. Check through a key tied to the rope, which is produced electric shock, coming to demonstrate the nature of lightning, and invented the lightning rod:

"Fabrique a small cross with two thin strips of cedar. The arms of the same should be large enough to encompass the four corners of a silk handkerchief spread, tie the corners of the handkerchief to each of the ends of the cross and you have the body of a comet that, properly completed a tail, a ring and string, will rise through the air like that are made with paper, silk clear that endure being better, without tearing, heavy rain and wind. At the upper end of the stick length of the cross is fixed a very sharp metal tip, which should extend a foot or more of the wood. At the lower end of the line, close at hand, should be tied a silk ribbon, and can bind a key where it binds and ribbon. This comet is sighted should go back when a thunderstorm, and the person holding the rope should be placed in a doorway or window, or under covered elsewhere, so as not to wet the silk ribbon, also must ensure that the rope does not rub the context of making or window. As soon as the kite hovering over some storm clouds, the sharp tip will draw the electric fire in them, and the kite, like rope, will be electrified, and the lint of the string is stand up straight and experience the attraction of a finger approach them. And when the rain has wet the kite and string, being able to conduct the electric fire freely, check that wealth flows from the tap in the vicinity of the joint. In this key the phial may be charged with electric fire thus obtained spirits may become inflamed and can perform all other electric experiments generally require rubbing a glass tube, therefore, is demonstrated without doubt the identity of the electric field of lightning "

Benjamin Franklin. The Pennsylvania Gazette, October 19, 1752

Needless to say, the great risk he ran Franklin in this experiment, subsequently other scientists, who dared to repeat the same died in the attempt. That no one comes to mind repeating.